What income replacement ratio should you target?
The standard answer is 70–80% of pre-retirement income, and it holds up well for most middle-income households. The reasoning: you stop paying payroll taxes, you stop saving for retirement, your commute and work-clothes costs disappear, and your mortgage is often gone.
High earners ($200k+) sometimes need only 60–65% because so much of their pre-retirement income was being saved. People who plan to travel a lot, support adult children, or have major healthcare exposure should target 85–95%. There is no universally correct number; what matters is that you pick one and aim at it.
How Social Security is actually taxed.
Social Security is partially taxable based on your "combined income," which is your AGI + nontaxable interest + half your SS benefits. Below $25k (single) or $32k (married), none of it is taxed. Above $34k or $44k, up to 85% of your benefit gets included in federal taxable income — though it’s still taxed at your ordinary rate, not at 85%.
Thirteen states also tax Social Security in some form, with thresholds and exemptions that vary widely. If you’re considering retirement relocation, the state tax treatment of SS, pensions, and 401(k) withdrawals can swing your after-tax income by thousands per year.
When should you claim Social Security?
Claiming at 62 locks in roughly 70–75% of your full retirement age benefit, for life. Claiming at full retirement age (66–67) gives you 100%. Waiting until 70 grows the benefit by about 8% per year past FRA — a guaranteed, government-backed inflation-adjusted return that’s hard to match anywhere else.
The "right" claiming age is mostly a longevity bet. The breakeven between claiming at 62 and claiming at 70 is usually around age 80. If you expect to live past 82–85, delaying almost always wins on lifetime dollars. If your health is poor or family longevity is short, claiming earlier is often the better call. A spouse with a lower benefit can also claim early while the higher earner delays — a common dual-strategy move.
Common retirement-income mistakes.
- Forgetting that 401(k) and traditional IRA withdrawals are fully taxable — a $60k withdrawal is not $60k of spending.
- Treating Social Security as the whole plan. Average benefits replace only about 40% of pre-retirement income for middle earners.
- Using a 5–6% withdrawal rate "because the market returns more than that long-term." Sequence-of-returns risk in early years can wreck this.
- Ignoring healthcare costs before Medicare kicks in at 65 — the gap between an early retirement and 65 is brutal on the budget.
- Counting Social Security in inflated future dollars while planning expenses in today’s dollars. Pick one and stay consistent.